Zika Virus in the United States

In the United States, residents face concerns related to the Zika Virus transmitted by mosquitoes. Pregnant women, in particular, need to be aware of the risks associated with contracting Zika during their pregnancy. Discover ways to minimize exposure and steps to take if you contract the virus.

Zika virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has emerged as a significant public health concern in the United States. Primarily transmitted through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito, the virus can also spread through sexual contact, blood transfusions, and from a pregnant woman to her fetus. With its potential to cause severe birth defects and neurological complications, understanding Zika virus is crucial for residents and visitors alike.

What is Zika Virus?

Zika virus is an acute febrile illness that typically causes mild symptoms, including fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis (red eyes). Some people may also experience muscle pain and headache. Symptoms usually begin 2 to 7 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito and last for several days to a week. However, Zika can have long-lasting effects, such as Guillain-Barré syndrome, a rare autoimmune disorder affecting the nervous system. Moreover, Zika infection during pregnancy can cause microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects. It's important to note that only about 1 in 5 people infected with Zika will show symptoms.

Where is Zika Most Prevalent in the United States?

In the United States, Zika cases have been reported in various states, but the highest risk of local transmission is in areas with a history of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquito activity. These include the southern United States, particularly Florida and Texas. However, travel-related cases can occur anywhere in the country, as people may acquire the virus abroad and return home infected. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) monitors and updates Zika risk areas as new information becomes available.

Zika Virus and Pregnancy

Zika virus poses the most significant risk to pregnant women due to the potential for fetal brain defects and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. The virus can pass from a pregnant woman to her fetus, potentially leading to microcephaly, a condition where a baby's head is much smaller than expected, as well as other severe brain abnormalities. Pregnant women should avoid travel to areas with a risk of Zika and take strict precautions to prevent mosquito bites. Those who live in or frequently travel to these areas should talk to their healthcare provider about the risks and ways to protect themselves and their babies.

How Do Expats in the United States Prevent Mosquito Bites?

Expats living in the United States, especially in high-risk areas, should take preventive measures to protect themselves from mosquito bites. These include using Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus, para-menthane-diol, or 2-undecanone. Wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants, staying in places with air conditioning or window and door screens, and removing standing water around the home can also help reduce the risk of mosquito bites. Additionally, expats should consider using permethrin-treated clothing and gear for extra protection.

What if I Get Zika Virus in the United States?

If you suspect you have Zika virus, it's essential to consult a healthcare provider immediately. They can order the appropriate tests to confirm the diagnosis and provide supportive care. There is no specific antiviral treatment for Zika, so managing symptoms is the primary focus. Rest, hydration, and acetaminophen for fever and pain are generally recommended. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be avoided until dengue has been ruled out to reduce the risk of hemorrhage. Pregnant women with Zika should be monitored closely by their healthcare provider.

Is Zika Virus Contagious?

Zika virus is primarily spread through the bite of an infected mosquito, but it can also be transmitted sexually from a person who has Zika to their partner. The virus can remain in semen longer than in other body fluids and has been detected in semen for up to six months after infection. To prevent sexual transmission, couples should use condoms or abstain from sex for at least six months after the male partner's symptoms begin. Zika can also be passed from a pregnant woman to her fetus during pregnancy or around the time of birth.

Does Zika Virus Pose More Danger for Children, Elderly, or Immune-Compromised?

Zika virus does not appear to pose a greater risk of severe illness or complications for children, elderly, or immune-compromised individuals compared to the general population. Most people infected with Zika will have mild symptoms or none at all. However, the primary concern is the potential for severe fetal brain defects when a pregnant woman is infected. While rare, Guillain-Barré syndrome can occur in people of any age, and those with weakened immune systems may be at a slightly increased risk. Overall, the most significant risk is to pregnant women and their developing babies.