10 Things to Know Before Moving to Turkmenistan

Welcome to the land of the Karakum Desert, ancient cities, and the famous Akhal-Teke horses. If you're considering a move to Turkmenistan, there are a few things you should know before packing your bags. This Central Asian country offers a unique blend of history and modernity, but it also comes with its own set of challenges and cultural nuances. Here are 10 essential tips to help you prepare for your new adventure as an expat in Turkmenistan.

1. Visa and Residence Permit Requirements

Before you can enjoy the wonders of Turkmenistan, you'll need to navigate its visa and residence permit system. Turkmenistan has a stringent visa policy, and most expatriates require a visa to enter. You'll likely need an invitation letter, and once in the country, you must register with the State Migration Service to obtain a residence permit. It's crucial to keep your documentation up to date to avoid any legal issues. Reach out to the Turkmen embassy in your home country well in advance to ensure you have all the necessary paperwork.

2. The language Barrier

While Russian is widely spoken, Turkmen is the official language, and not knowing it can be a significant barrier. English is not commonly used, especially outside major cities, so learning basic Turkmen or Russian phrases can be incredibly helpful. Consider taking language classes or finding a language exchange partner to help you navigate daily life more smoothly. Even simple interactions, like asking for directions or shopping at local markets, will be much easier with some language skills.

3. Housing and Accommodation

Finding a place to live in Turkmenistan can be a challenge, as the housing market is not as developed as in other countries. Expats often opt for renting apartments or houses, which are typically found through local contacts or real estate agents. In Ashgabat, the capital city, you'll find more modern accommodations, but be prepared for high rents due to the limited availability. When searching for housing, consider proximity to work, local amenities, and security. It's also wise to have a local help you with negotiations and understanding the lease agreement.

4. Cultural Sensitivity and Local Laws

Respect for local customs and laws is paramount in Turkmenistan. The country has a predominantly Muslim population, and it's important to dress modestly and behave respectfully, especially during religious observances like Ramadan. Be aware of local laws that may seem unusual, such as the ban on smoking in public places or the prohibition of driving black cars (a law that has been enforced in the past). Familiarize yourself with these regulations to avoid unintentional offenses or legal troubles.

5. The Economy and Job Market

The Turkmen economy is largely driven by its vast natural gas reserves, and most expat job opportunities are in the energy sector. However, there are also positions in education, particularly teaching English. The job market can be competitive, and many positions require Russian or Turkmen language skills. Networking and building relationships with local professionals can open doors to job opportunities. Be sure to secure employment before moving, as work permits are typically tied to your job.

6. Facilities

Healthcare in Turkmenistan may not meet the standards you're accustomed to. While there are hospitals and clinics, particularly in Ashgabat, facilities can be limited, and there may be a lack of modern equipment and medications. It's advisable to have comprehensive health insurance that covers medical evacuation in case of serious illness or injury. Additionally, bring a supply of any prescription medications you need, as they may not be readily available locally.

7. The Climate

Prepare for extreme weather conditions. Turkmenistan's climate is continental, with scorching summers and cold winters. In the Karakum Desert, summer temperatures can soar above 40°C (104°F), while winter can bring freezing temperatures. Make sure your wardrobe is equipped for these extremes, and if you're not a fan of the heat, ensure your accommodation has air conditioning for the summer months.

8. Transportation

Public transportation in Turkmenistan is limited, and many expats choose to drive or hire a driver. If you plan to drive, be prepared for a unique experience. The roads can be in poor condition outside of major cities, and local driving habits may differ from what you're used to. It's essential to have a valid international driver's license and to familiarize yourself with local traffic laws. Alternatively, taxis are a common means of transportation, but make sure to agree on the fare before starting your journey to avoid overcharging.

9. Internet Access and Censorship

Internet access in Turkmenistan is available but can be unreliable and is subject to censorship. Many social media platforms and news sites are blocked, and internet speeds can be slow. If you rely heavily on the internet for work or staying in touch with family and friends, this can be a significant adjustment. Consider using a Virtual Private Network (VPN) to bypass restrictions, but be aware of the legal implications of doing so.

10. Social Life and Expatriate Community

Building a social life in Turkmenistan can take time, but there is a small and close-knit expatriate community, particularly in Ashgabat. Embassies and international organizations often host events, which can be a great way to meet people and make friends. Engaging with local culture through festivals, markets, and traditional events can also enrich your expat experience. Be open to new experiences, and don't hesitate to reach out to fellow expats for advice and companionship.

Moving to Turkmenistan will undoubtedly be an adventure filled with learning and growth. By keeping these 10 things in mind, you'll be better prepared to navigate the challenges and embrace the unique opportunities that come with living in this fascinating country.